by Prof Mahir Khalifa-zadeh
azGlobalContext.org - Toronto-based Media and Analysis Center, Canada
azGlobalContext.org - Toronto-based Media and Analysis Center, Canada
azglobalcontext.org (Toronto, Canada)
created: February 17, 2017
updated: April 07, 2017
created: February 17, 2017
updated: April 07, 2017
Dawn of History
Paleolithic Period
Scientific
research conducted by Azerbaijani and German scientists proved that primitive
people appeared on the territory of Azerbaijan 2 million years ago (1).
Archaeological excavations and anthropological studies confirm that the
territory of the present-day Republic of Azerbaijan has been inhabited since
the Paleolithic Period (350,000-10,000 Before Present, BP). Prof Mammadali
Husseynov discovered humans remains of the Paleolithic Period as well as some
other early habitats’ artifacts in the Cave of Azykh (Khojavend in Karabakh,
Azerbaijan) in 1968(2). The archaeological material of the Upper Paleolithic
Period (40000 BC) was discovered in caves of Taghlar (Khojavend district)) and
Dash Salakhly (Qazakh district) as well as in Aveidag, Damjily, Yatagery sites.
Scientists believe that the stone carvings of Gobustan (60km from Baku) are the
Stone Age Rock Art, dating back to 40,000 BP (3). The Gobustan caves' artifacts
are dated as the last Ice Age and Upper Paleolithic (4).
The Neolithic Period (10000-3000 BC)
artifacts were discovered in Leylatapa site (Garadagh district) (4). Many
graves, artifacts and old settlements as well as Leylatapa’s cultures were
found lengthwise of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline (5).
Bronze and Irons Ages (2200- 500 BC)
the artifacts of Bronze and Middle Bronze Ages as well as the Iron Age were
discovered in Nakhcivan and Karabakh. The Bronze Age’s several graves were
found in Babaverdish site in Ganja-Gazakh region of the Republic of Azerbaijan
as well as near the Garajamirli village in the Shamkir district (6). The
Borsunlu burial mound (Goranboy district), Zayamchai necropolis (Shamkir
district) as well as Tovuzchai necropolis were discovered in Tovuz district of
Azerbaijan. Meanwhile, Hasansu necropolis was found in Agstafa district.
Discovers were occurred thanks to the construction of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan
(BTC) oil pipeline.
Early State
The
archeological studies confirm that several agricultural and stockbreeding
settlements has been existed in Azerbaijan since the 7th-6th millennium BC. The
Caucasian tribes such as the Gargars, Utis, Saks, Sodes, Massagets and others
inhabited the territory of Azerbaijan, with Mannae emerging as the first state
in the 10th Century BC (6,7).
8th
Century BC – Northward expansion of the Kingdom of Mannae’s borders and
absorption of the main part of Southern Azerbaijan (8, 9).
Ancient period
7th
century BC – The Empire of Media with the capital at Ecbatana emerges in the
area southwest of the Caspian Sea. Media was unified by a man named Deioces,
the first of four kings who were to rule a true empire that included large
parts of Iran and eastern Anatolia. King Cyaxares of Media (623-585BC) defeats
the Assyrian Empire and captures the capital of Nineveh (10). The Medes (people
of Media) defeat the Kingdom of Mannae. The Medes conquer the Kingdom of Urartu
(present-day Armenia) and incorporate it into Median Empire (11). In Assyrian
raid, King Cyrus II of Persia (later Cyrus the Great) was a commander of
Persian unite in the Median Army under Cyrus’ uncle command of King Cyaxares of
Media (12).
6th
century BC (550BC) – Cyrus the Great unites Iranian people of Medes and
Persians and establish a new Empire under his Achaemenid dynasty. He extends
its rule over his grandfather’s lands of Media (10).
Many
scholars consider that the prophet Zoroaster (Zarathustra, founder of
Zoroastrianism) was born in the territory of the present-day Azerbaijan or in
vicinity of Urmia Lake (South Azerbaijan, Iran) in the 6th century BC (13).
Atropatena
4th-3rd
century BC –In some historical sources, Azerbaijan is referred as "Medes
Minor" and/or "Atropatenian Medes" or
"Medes-Atropatena". Darius III’s general Atropat (in Greeks
Atropates) becomes King of Media Minor (northern Media) (14). Some sources
indicate the name of Atropat originates from Ataropad (Old Persian, Atoorpat)–
who was one of the sons of Zarathustra. According to one theory, the northern
Media is named after Atropates as Media-Atropatene (in ancient Greek) or just
Atoorpatkan (Old Persian, Aturpatkan). In Old Persian “Atur” is derived from
the Avestan language “Atar” meaning fire. “Pat” is derived from the Avestan
“payu” meaning “guardian” or “protector”. According to Sassanian King Shapur I
(r. 241 to 272 CE) inscriptions, “Atarpatakan” is named as “Adurbaigan”.
“Adurbaigan would then have evolved to the “Azerbaijan” when “Adur” evolved to
“Azar” or “Azer” Azarbayjan or Azerbaijan (15). Another theory traces the
etymology from the ancient Persian words "Āzar" (Persian: آذر),
meaning Fire, and "Pāyegān" (Persian: پایگان) meaning
Guardian/Protector (Āzar Pāyegān = "Guardians of Fire") (Persian: آذر
پایگان), with Āzar Pāyegān was latter corrupted into “Azerbaijan” under the
dominance of Arabic and the circumstances thereby imposed by that language's
lack of facility in pronouncing some non-Arabic words.
Atropates and Alexander the Great
Atropates
(Atropat) fights in the battle of Gaugamela between Darius III and Alexander
the Great (331 BC) as a commander of the left wing of the Persian Army. During
the battle, Atropates’ units pushed Alexander’s army to stop an advance and
implements defensive measures. Alexander was forced to deploy additional troops
facing the units under command of Atropates. Only after new
troops deployment, Macedonians were able to re-launch attacks against
Atropates' flank. Alexander nominated Atropat as Satrap of Atropatena, following
his pattern to involve local nobility to the state administration in the
countries he conquered. The other version says that Alexander reappointed
Atropates to be a governor of Media because of his bravery, command ability and
great respect within his Median soldiers that Alexander noticed in the Battle
of Gaugamela.
Atropat
allows his daughter to be married with Alexander's most important generals,
Perdiccas (commander of Alexander’s cavalry). Atropat tries to safe Zoroastrian
tradition in his land; and he offered to Alexander one hundred Media’s female
warriors. According to Strabo the name of Atropatenian Medes derives from
Alexander’s Satrap Atropates. “Midia is divided into two parts. One of them is
called the Great Midia with capital in Ecbatana… the second one is Atropatena
Midia, which got its name from the commander Atropates. Indeed, King Atropat
made this country independent on his own decision and succession to the throne
was kept in his family… It is a great country as regards to its military power,
because it can be represented by 10,000 horsemen and 40,000 infantrymen…”,
Strabo reports (16). It is in Atropatena that Azerbaijani identity began to be
shaped.
Rome, Parthia and Caucasian Albania
4th
–3rd century BC - The Kingdom of Caucasian Albania (Aghbania, Aghvania) is
founded in the northern part of Azerbaijan in the late 4th – early 3rd century
BC with the royal capital of Kabalaka (current Gabala, Azerbaijan). The Kingdom
is a close ally to Parthia. The territory of Caucasian Albania covered most of
the present-day Republic of Azerbaijan including some areas in neighboring
countries. It was a state with sufficiently developed agriculture, handicraft
and trade. Albania had its own coins and army.
1st
century BC 1st Century AD- The Roman Army under General Pompey Magnus
subjugates Armenia, Iberia and sizes Colchis (66-65BC). His army moves toward
the Caspian Sea. Pompey forded the Alazan river and clashed with the forces of
Oroezes (Orois), King of Albania. Finally, Pompey is defeated by the Parthians
and Albanians in Caucasian Albania. Albanian army was able to have up to 60,000
foot-soldiers and 22,000 horsemen (17).
Roman
General Markus Crasus and wealthiest man of Rome, is defeated in 53 BC in the
south of the Caspian Sea (18). Later in 36 BC, the Romans led by the General
Mark Antony is defeated by the Parthians and Albanians at the well-fortified
Albanian capital Phraata (current Maraga, Azerbaijan) or (less possible) at
Ganzaca (Karabakh, Azerbaijan) (19).
75
CE– Roman Emperor Domitian sends Legio XII Fulminata to the allied kingdoms of
Iberia and Albania. A rock inscription was found at the shores of the Caspian
Sea in 1948 (Gobustan, 60-70 km from Baku) mentions the presence of a centurion
of Legio XII Fulminata named Lucius Julius Maximus (20).
233
CE – Roman Emperor Severus Alexander’s army is defeated by Parthians and
Albanians in Caucasus Albania (Azerbaijan) (21).
Christianity, Islam and Early Turks
1st-
2nd century– Christianity, brought over by the missions of St Eliseus and
Nestor, reaches Caucasian Albania and spreads all over the country. The Church
is established by the 1st century missionary Saint Elisaeus, who proselytized
throughout Caucasian Albania and Persia. He establishes the first Christian
temple in the Caucasus, in Kish (Sheki, Azerbaijan) (21, 22).
In 313, King Urnayr
declares Orthodox Christianity as an official religion of Caucasian Albania,
predating King Mirian of Iberia’s declaration of Iberia as Christian nation in
337 (23, 24). IThe Albanian church becomes a state institution. In 451 AD, Artsakh, the mountainous part of Caucasus Albania, becomes the country's center for the anti-Sassanid resistance. Since 552 AD, Albanian Catholicos is sitting in Partaw (modern
Barda, Azerbaijan), capital of Caucasus Albania. Christian Caucasian
Albanian as a Bible in one of the Caucasian Albanian languages-old Udi (25).
4th-5th
century – Early Turks tribes starts to arrive and to settle in the South
Caucasus, particularly in Caucasus Albania. Hun Turks comes from the
Don River to Azerbaijan in 395 and 398, respectively. The beginning of Turks’
linguistic and ethnic mixture with locals and Albanians is started (26). In
466, the Aghaceri Turk tribes, belonging to the European Huns (the Oghuz),
settles in Azerbaijan (27).
4th
- Starting from the late Roman time (Byzantium), Nomadic Turkic tribes begin to
penetrate into Caucasian Albania and Northern Iran from the North Caucasus and
later from Central Asia (28).
7th
century – Albania under King of Varaz-Grigor and his son Juanšer (Persian
Javanšir) resists to Arabs (29). In 654, Javanshir sends a letter to Byzantine
emperor Constantine II and asks the emperor to adopt Albania under his
patronymic. The Arab conquests result in the spread of Islam in Caucasian
Albania. This, subsequently, brings about the disintegration of the Kingdom and
the entire region’s being assimilated into the Arabian Caliphate.
7th
century - Islam becomes the major religion following the Arab advance into
Caucasus Albania.
6th-7th
century - The Book of Dede Korkut which is the historic epic of the Oguz Turks
is written in Azerbaijan (30).
Medieval and beginning of 18 Century
9th
century – In 816, a popular Shiite liberation movement for independence from
the Arabian Caliphate is launched under the leadership of Babek. Babek quickly
seized power in Armenia, Esfahan, Mosul and Hamedan (816-817). However, he was
defeated and executed in 838 (31).
The
Shirvanshahs state in Azerbaijan emerges in the 861 and covers the area of
Shirvan of the present-day Azerbaijan and existed till 1539 (32).
10th
- The Oguz adapts Islam. A new ethnic group of Azeri Turks emerges (33). The
Oguz tribes’ Seljuk dynasty puts an end to the Arab control by invading
Azerbaijan from Central Asia.
12th
– 13th century – The emergence of the Atabek state in Azerbaijan under the
Seljuk ruler Shams ad-din Ildeniz with a capital in Barda. In 1230s the Mongol
Armies led by Genghis Khan conquer Azerbaijan (34).
14th
century – The Mongol Armies of Tamerlane invade Azerbaijan again. This is
followed by the emergence of two successive Azerbaijani states: the
Kara-Goyunlu and Ak-Goyunlu (1378-1469, Southern Azerbaijan) with a capital in
Tebriz. Kara-Goyunly controls the areas of Southern Azerbaijan, Iraq, Fars and
part of Eastern Iran.
15th
century –When the city of Shemakha is abandoned as the capital of the state of
Shirvanshahs (9th –16th centuries, Northern Azerbaijan) in favour of Baku, the
Palace of Shirvanshahs is built in 1411 in the new capital.
1420
– 1436 - Qara Iskander ibn Yusuf rules the Kara Goyunlu and gains control over
Armenia. 1467- Uzun Hassan of Ak Goyunlu defeates Kara Koyunlu’s Jahān Shāh
(35). In 1468, the state of Kara-Goyunly disintegrates and a new state of
Ak-Goyunly (1387-1502) with capital in Tebriz emerges under the rule of Uzun
Hasan.
1468-1478-
the reign of Uzun Hasan, the Emperor of Ak Goyunlu and Azerbaijan’s great
statesman (36).
Shah Ismail Sefevid (Esmail Safavid)
16th –17th century – In the beginning of the 16th century Azerbaijan becomes a power base of another indigenous dynasty, the Safavids (Azeri Turk dynasty). The founder of the Safavid Dynasty, Shah Ismail I (1486-1524), declares Shia Islam as the state religion. He unites all Azerbaijani lands (Northern and Southern Azerbaijan) and creates a powerful Iranian empire with a capital in Tebriz. The state of Safavids stretches from Amur Darya in the east to the Euphrates in the west and from Derbend in the north to the Persian Gulf in the south.
In 1504, Shah Ismail (Esmail) Sefevid orders his general Revangulu Khan to build a fortress on the river of Zanghi (now renamed by Armenians into Razdan rver) bordering with Osmans.
In 1511, the fortress is build and named after Ismail's general Revangulu as Revan or Irevan (Erivan) qala (later Imperial Russia renames into Yerevan, now a capital of Armenia) (37)
In August 1514, Ismail’s army is defeated in the battle of Chaldiran by the Ottoman troops under Sultan Selim I. Between 1590 and 1639 wars over Azerbaijan are fought between the Ottoman and Iranian Empires.
16th –17th century – In the beginning of the 16th century Azerbaijan becomes a power base of another indigenous dynasty, the Safavids (Azeri Turk dynasty). The founder of the Safavid Dynasty, Shah Ismail I (1486-1524), declares Shia Islam as the state religion. He unites all Azerbaijani lands (Northern and Southern Azerbaijan) and creates a powerful Iranian empire with a capital in Tebriz. The state of Safavids stretches from Amur Darya in the east to the Euphrates in the west and from Derbend in the north to the Persian Gulf in the south.
In 1504, Shah Ismail (Esmail) Sefevid orders his general Revangulu Khan to build a fortress on the river of Zanghi (now renamed by Armenians into Razdan rver) bordering with Osmans.
In 1511, the fortress is build and named after Ismail's general Revangulu as Revan or Irevan (Erivan) qala (later Imperial Russia renames into Yerevan, now a capital of Armenia) (37)
In August 1514, Ismail’s army is defeated in the battle of Chaldiran by the Ottoman troops under Sultan Selim I. Between 1590 and 1639 wars over Azerbaijan are fought between the Ottoman and Iranian Empires.
1736-
A brilliant military commander Nadir Kuli-Khan Afshar (later Nadir Shah
Afshar), member of Turk Afshar tribe settling in Azerbaijan since 13 century,
crowned as Shah of Iran in Mugan (Azerbaijan). Nadir Shah was known as "The Second Alexander" and "The Napoleon of Persia".
Imperial Russia
18th
–19th century – Emergence of Azerbaijani Qajars state in Iran and Azerbaijan in
1781. The Russo-Persian wars lead to the signing of the Gulistan (1813) and the
Turkmenchay (1828) treaties between the Persian and Russian Empires that split
Azerbaijan into two parts (southern or Iranian Azerbaijan and northern or
Russian/Soviet Azerbaijan that is the present-day independent Republic of
Azerbaijan) along the Araz River. The Russian rule in Azerbaijan begins.
In
accordance with the Treaty of Gulistan, Imperial Russia possess Karabakh,
Gandja, Sheki, Shirvan, Derbend, Kouba, and Baku, together with part of Talish
and the fortress of Lenkoran (38).
22
June, 1804- Iran's Crown Prince Abbas-Mirza Qajar, supreme commander of
the Persian Army, signs a capitulation of Iran's fortress Erivan (Irevan,
Azerbaijan) after a long siege launched by general Tsitsianov, Russian Imperial Army.
Under
the Treaty of Turkmanchay, Iran ceded the Erivan Khanate (the present-day part
of Armenia), the Nakhchivan Khanate (present-day Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic
of Azerbaijan), the Talysh Khanate (southeastern Azerbaijan), and the Ordubad
and Mughan regions (now also part of Azerbaijan) (39).
Finally,
the Russian Empire conquers and incorporates the following Azerbaijani khanates
- Erivan (later renamed by Russians into Yerevan, present-day a capital of
Armenia), Karabakh, Nakhichevan, Ganja, Shemakha, Baku, Sheki, Guba, Derbend,
Talysh, Salian and fortress Lenkoran.
In
the late 1820s a massive resettlement of Armenians from the central parts of
Iran as well as from Middle East into Azerbaijani lands takes place under the
Treaty of Turkmenchay (40).
March
21, 1828, Russian Tsar issued and signed an Order that renames Azerbaijan
khanate of Erivan and some parts of Nakhchivan khanate into Armenian province.
Finally, Imperial Russia establishes the province of Armenia on Azerbaijani
lands (41).
6 August 1832 - the birthdate of world famous Azeribaijani lyrical poetess Khurshid Banu Natavan. She was a daughter of Mehdigulu Khan, last ruler of the Karabakh khanate (1748–1822).
6 August 1832 - the birthdate of world famous Azeribaijani lyrical poetess Khurshid Banu Natavan. She was a daughter of Mehdigulu Khan, last ruler of the Karabakh khanate (1748–1822).
First Oil boom
1872
– Starting point of commercial oil production and the first Oil Boom in Baku
(11 million tones are produced per annum; 50% of the world oil production). In
1879, the Nobel Brothers establish their own company in Baku (some 12 percent
of the Nobel Prize fund was drawn from Alfred's shares in the Nobel Brothers'
Petroleum Company in Baku).
In
1883, the capital of the Rothchilds finances Baku-Batum railway which plays an
important role in the export of oil from Baku to the European markets.
Independence, Azerbaijan Democratic
Republic (ADR)
1918
30-31
March – The massacre of about 20,000 Azerbaijanis in Baku is perpetrated by the
Russian Red (Communist) Army and Armenian Dashnaks. 28 May - Azerbaijan
declares independence and announces the creation of the Azerbaijani Democratic
Republic (ADR) - the first secular and democratic state in the Muslim world.
The first Cabinet of Ministers is formed under the Prime-Minister Fatali-khan
Khoyski.
4
June – The Peace and Friendship Agreement is signed between the Azerbaijan
Democratic Republic and Turkey. Establishment of Turkish Military Mission in
Ganja.
15
September – Baku is liberated from Dashnak Armenians and Shaumyan’s communist
armed formations. Joint Azerbaijani and Turkish troops enter Baku. The capital
of Azerbaijan is moved from Ganja to Baku.
7
December – The opening session of the Parliament of Azerbaijan Democratic
Republic. 18 December – General Thompson declares Britain’s support to
Azerbaijani Parliament as the only legitimate authority within the territory of
the ADR.
1919
8
January – Azerbaijan Democratic Republic’s official delegation participates at
the Paris Peace Conference.
15
January –The Paris Peace Conference’s official decision on the recognition of
Azerbaijan’s independence is presented to the Azerbaijani delegation in the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of France. 27 June – Azerbaijani (based on Latin
Alphabet) is adopted as the state language.
In
the face of the Bolsheviks’ military advance, Azerbaijan and Georgia sign the
Azerbaijani–Georgian mutual defense pact in Tbilisi that establishes a military
union in June 16, 1919 (42). November-December –Armenian Dashnaks perpetrate
massacres of Azerbaijani population in ADR’s Zangezur.
1920-1921
11
January 1920, The Paris Peace Conference recognizes de-facto the Azerbaijan
Republic with the capital in Baku. The Conference issues a Special Resolution,
which confirms Nagorno-Karabakh as an integral part of Azerbaijan (43). Under
this document, the Allied Powers recognize Khosrov-bey Sultanov, appointed by
the Government of Azerbaijan, as Zangezour’s and Karabakh’s Governor-General
(44, 45).
20 March, 1920 - Iran
de-jure recognizes the independence of Azerbaijan (46).
27-28
April 1920 – 11th Red (Communist) Army invades Baku. The Soviet Government led
by Nariman Narimanov is established in Azerbaijan.
1921
- Parts of the sovereign territory of Azerbaijan are transferred to Armenia by
the Soviet Bolshevik Government. These include - Zangezur, Goyche, Daralayaz,
and Sharur.
November, 1921 - Azerbaijan's Soviet government transfers Zangezur to Armenia in November 1920 as a "symbol of friendship and brotherhood" (47, 48).
USSR and Black January of 1990
1922-1990
In
1922, Azerbaijan is incorporated into the Soviet Union as a part of the
Transcaucasian Federation and subsequently, in 1936, it becomes a Union Soviet
Socialist Republic. The Cyrillic alphabet is introduced in the country.
Azerbaijan is one of the fifteen republics of the USSR until the country’s
re-independence in 1991.
1988
– Beginning of ethnic cleansing against Azerbaijanis in Armenia results in the
influx of refugees to Baku. The Soviet Authorities in Moscow step up measures
to suppress National Movement for independence in Azerbaijan and secure the
Communist rule in the country.
20
January 1990 – Soviet military intervention. Up to 26,000 Soviet troops storm
Baku. More than 130 civilians (Azerbaijanis, Russians, Jews, Ukrainians) are
killed and 700 wounded.
Restoration
of Azerbaijan’s independence and Armenia’s military aggression
1991-1993
31
August 1991 – Azerbaijani Parliament adopts the Declaration of Independence.
The Parliamentary Act establishing State Independence of the Republic of
Azerbaijan is passed on October 18, 1991.
June
1992 - President Ayaz Mutalibov flees Baku against the backdrop of increasing
failure in internal policy and in Nagorno-Karabakh culminating in the Armenian
massacres of Azerbaijani civilians in the town of Khojali on 26 February 1992
(613 were killed, 487 wounded and 1,275 civilians were taken hostage). The
Popular Front of Azerbaijan seizes power and Abulfaz Elchibey becomes
President. The CSCE (now the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in
Europe, OSCE) sets up the Minsk Group, a group of member states coalesced to
facilitate a peaceful resolution of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. The three
co-chairmen of the OSCE Minsk Group include representatives of France, Russia
and the United States.
June
1993 – One year of unsuccessful rule by the Popular Front reaches its climax.
The Armenian aggression against Azerbaijan over the Azerbaijani region of
Nagorno-Karabakh results in the occupation of Aghdam, Lachin, Kelbajar,
Gubatly, Zangilan, Jebrail and Fizuli districts of the Republic of Azerbaijan.
The number of Azerbaijani refugees and internally displaced persons reaches one
million. Armed revolt against the Popular Front Government gains momentum. Amid
imminent threat of civil war Abulfaz Elchibey appeals to Heydar Aliyev (at the
time a Leader of Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan) to return to
Baku and, using his rich political experience, address the dire situation and
save the country from the outbreak of internecine hostilities. Elchibey flees
Baku.
June
1993 - Heydar Aliyev returns to Baku and, through a number of skillful and
courageous measures, manages to avert the confrontations. 15 June, 1993- Heydar
Aliyev becomes Chairman of the Azerbaijani Parliament.
In
1993, the United Nations Security Council adopts the four Resolutions (822,
853, 874 and 884) condemning the occupation of Azerbaijani territories and
demanding unconditional withdrawal of Armenian Armed Forces.
3
October 1993 – Heydar Aliyev is elected President of the Republic of
Azerbaijan.
1994-1998
9-12
May 1994 - The cease-fire agreement between Azerbaijan and Armenia is signed.
20
September 1994 – Contract of the century is signed between Azerbaijan and
Consortium of Major Oil Companies led by BP. 5-6 December 1994 - CSCE Budapest
Summit. A decision on "Intensification of CSCE action in relation to the
Nagorno-Karabakh conflict" is adopted.
2–3
December 1996 - OSCE Lisbon Summit. The OSCE Chairman-in-Office makes a
statement supported by all (53) OSCE member states except Armenia, on three
principles for the settlement of the conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan.
11
October 1998 - Heydar Aliyev is re-elected President of the Republic of
Azerbaijan.
1999-2003
17
April 1999 – Construction of Baku-Supsa oil pipeline is completed.
18
November 1999 - The Intergovernmental Agreement related to the construction of
Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Crude Oil Pipeline is signed by the Presidents of the
Turkish Republic, Republic of Azerbaijan and Georgia during the OSCE Summit in
Istanbul.
25
January 2001- Azerbaijan becomes a member of the Council of Europe.
15 October 2003 –
H.E. Ilham Aliyev is elected President of the Republic of Azerbaijan
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